The Oyez Project: Civil Rights Issues - Desegregation, Schools

Alexander v. Board Of Education

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Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City v. Dowell

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Board Of Education v. Swann

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Board Of Education, New York City v. Harris

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Bob Jones University v. U. S.

Bob Jones University was dedicated to "fundamentalist Christian beliefs" which included prohibitions against interracial dating and marriage. Such behavior would lead to expulsion. In 1970, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) changed its formal policy to adopt a district court decision that prohibited the IRS from giving tax-exempt status to private schools engaging in racial discrimination. The IRS believed that the University's policies amounted to racism and revoked its tax-exempt status. The University claimed that the IRS had abridged its religious liberty. This case was decided together with Goldsboro Christian Schools Inc. v. United States, in which Goldsboro maintained a racially discriminatory admissions policy based upon its interpretation of the Bible, accepting for the most part only Caucasian students. The IRS determined that Goldsboro was not an exempt organization and hence was required to pay federal social security and unemployment taxes. After paying a portion of such taxes for certain years, Goldsboro filed a refund suit claiming that the denial of its tax-exempt status violated the U.S. Constitution.

Bolling v. Sharpe

On account of their race, black children in Washington D.C. were denied admission to the same public schools which white children attended.

Brown v. Board of Education (I)

Black children were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to the races. The white and black schools approached equality in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications, and teacher salaries. This case was decided together with Briggs v. Elliott and Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County.

Brown v. Board of Education (II)

After its decision in Brown I which declared racial discrimination in public education unconstitutional, the Court convened to issue the directives which would help to implement its newly announced Constitutional principle. Given the embedded nature of racial discrimination in public schools and the diverse circumstances under which it had been practiced, the Court requested further argument on the issue of relief.

Calhoun v. Latimer

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Columbus Board Of Education v. Penick

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Cooper v. Aaron

The Governor and the Legislature of Arkansas openly resisted the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. They refused to obey court orders designed to implement school desegregation. Local officials delayed plans to do away with segregated public facilities.

Crawford v. Los Angeles Board Of Education

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Davis v. School Comm'rs Of Mobile County

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Dayton Board Of Education v. Brinkman

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Dayton Board Of Education v. Brinkman

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Freeman v. Pitts

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Gilmore v. City Of Montgomery

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Goss v. Board Of Education

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Green v. County School Board

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Griffin v. School Board

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Keyes v. School District No. 1

Petitioners proved that for nearly ten years since 1960 the Denver, Colorado school system implemented an unconstitutional policy of racial discrimination by operating a segregated school system. The defense argued, and the District Court held, that even though one part of the Denver system was guilty of segregation, it did not follow that the entire system was segregated as well.

Lau v. Nichols

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Mcdaniel v. Barresi

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Mcneese v. Board Of Education

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Milliken v. Bradley

A suit charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken. After reviewing the case and concluding the system was segregated, a district court ordered the adoption of a desegregation plan that encompassed eighty-five outlying school districts. The lower court found that Detroit-only plans were inadequate. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the metropolitan plan. This case was decided together with Allen Park Public Schools v. Bradley and Grosse Point Public School System v. Bradley.

Milliken v. Bradley

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Missouri v. Jenkins

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Monroe v. Board Of Commissioners

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Norwood v. Harrison

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Papasan v. Allain

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Pennsylvania v. Board Of Trusts

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Raney v. Board Of Education

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Richmond School Board v. Board Of Educ.

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Rogers v. Paul

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Runyon v. Mccrary

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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed.

After the Supreme Court's decision in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, little progress had been made in desegregating public schools. One example was the Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, system in which approximately 14,000 black students attended schools that were either totally black or more than 99 percent black. Lower courts had experimented with a number of possible solutions when the case reached the Supreme Court.

U.S. v. Montgomery Bd. Of Educ.

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United States v. Fordice

After 17 years of litigation, Mississippi's public university system remained racially divided. The state had operated legally segregated universities, but had since adopted race-neutral policies to dismantle its de jure segregated system. All students could choose which school to attend, though the choices produced nearly all white and all black institutions of higher learning. This case was decided together with that of Ayers v. Fordice.

United States v. Scotland Neck Bd. Of Educ.

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Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1

In 1978, a Seattle school district adopted a mandatory busing plan to integrate its schools. No court or administrative body found the district to be engaged in unlawful segregation. A statewide initiative adopted in 1978 mandated a neighborhood school policy. The policy provided for some exceptions including voluntary busing options and mandatory busing if so ordered by state or federal courts. The initiative blocked the implementation of Seattle's mandatory busing plan. School officials challenged the Washington government in federal court.

Wright v. Council Of City Of Emporia

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