The Oyez Project: Civil Rights Issues - Desegregation, Schools Arguments

Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City v. Dowell - Oral Argument

Tue, 02 Oct 1990 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Bob Jones University v. U. S. - Oral Argument

Tue, 12 Oct 1982 12:00:00 -0500

Bob Jones University was dedicated to "fundamentalist Christian beliefs" which included prohibitions against interracial dating and marriage. Such behavior would lead to expulsion. In 1970, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) changed its formal policy to adopt a district court decision that prohibited the IRS from giving tax-exempt status to private schools engaging in racial discrimination. The IRS believed that the University's policies amounted to racism and revoked its tax-exempt status. The University claimed that the IRS had abridged its religious liberty. This case was decided together with Goldsboro Christian Schools Inc. v. United States, in which Goldsboro maintained a racially discriminatory admissions policy based upon its interpretation of the Bible, accepting for the most part only Caucasian students. The IRS determined that Goldsboro was not an exempt organization and hence was required to pay federal social security and unemployment taxes. After paying a portion of such taxes for certain years, Goldsboro filed a refund suit claiming that the denial of its tax-exempt status violated the U.S. Constitution.

Cooper v. Aaron - Oral Argument

Thu, 28 Aug 1958 12:00:00 -0500

The Governor and the Legislature of Arkansas openly resisted the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. They refused to obey court orders designed to implement school desegregation. Local officials delayed plans to do away with segregated public facilities.

Dayton Board Of Education v. Brinkman - Oral Argument

Tue, 26 Apr 1977 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Freeman v. Pitts - Oral Argument

Mon, 07 Oct 1991 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Keyes v. School District No. 1 - Oral Argument

Thu, 12 Oct 1972 12:00:00 -0500

Petitioners proved that for nearly ten years since 1960 the Denver, Colorado school system implemented an unconstitutional policy of racial discrimination by operating a segregated school system. The defense argued, and the District Court held, that even though one part of the Denver system was guilty of segregation, it did not follow that the entire system was segregated as well.

Milliken v. Bradley - Oral Argument

Wed, 27 Feb 1974 12:00:00 -0500

A suit charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken. After reviewing the case and concluding the system was segregated, a district court ordered the adoption of a desegregation plan that encompassed eighty-five outlying school districts. The lower court found that Detroit-only plans were inadequate. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the metropolitan plan. This case was decided together with Allen Park Public Schools v. Bradley and Grosse Point Public School System v. Bradley.

Milliken v. Bradley - Oral Argument

Tue, 22 Mar 1977 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Missouri v. Jenkins - Oral Argument

Wed, 11 Jan 1995 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Papasan v. Allain - Oral Argument

Tue, 22 Apr 1986 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Runyon v. Mccrary - Oral Argument

Mon, 26 Apr 1976 12:00:00 -0500

No details yet.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed. - Oral Argument

Mon, 12 Oct 1970 12:00:00 -0500

After the Supreme Court's decision in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, little progress had been made in desegregating public schools. One example was the Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, system in which approximately 14,000 black students attended schools that were either totally black or more than 99 percent black. Lower courts had experimented with a number of possible solutions when the case reached the Supreme Court.

United States v. Fordice - Oral Argument

Wed, 13 Nov 1991 12:00:00 -0500

After 17 years of litigation, Mississippi's public university system remained racially divided. The state had operated legally segregated universities, but had since adopted race-neutral policies to dismantle its de jure segregated system. All students could choose which school to attend, though the choices produced nearly all white and all black institutions of higher learning. This case was decided together with that of Ayers v. Fordice.

Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1 - Oral Argument

Mon, 22 Mar 1982 12:00:00 -0500

In 1978, a Seattle school district adopted a mandatory busing plan to integrate its schools. No court or administrative body found the district to be engaged in unlawful segregation. A statewide initiative adopted in 1978 mandated a neighborhood school policy. The policy provided for some exceptions including voluntary busing options and mandatory busing if so ordered by state or federal courts. The initiative blocked the implementation of Seattle's mandatory busing plan. School officials challenged the Washington government in federal court.