http://www.oyez.org/cases/1988/podcast U.S. Supreme Court Oral Arguments, presented by The Oyez Project (www.oyez.org) en The Oyez Project at Chicago-Kent http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_605/argument In 1986, the state of Missouri enacted legislation that placed a number of restrictions on abortions. The statute's preamble indicated that "[t]he life of each human being begins at conception," and the law codified the following restrictions: public employees and public facilities were not to be used in performing or assisting abortions unnecessary to save the mother's life; encouragement and counseling to have abortions was prohibited; and physicians were to perform viability tests upon women in their twentieth (or more) week of pregnancy. Lower courts struck down the restrictions. Wed, 26 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56970 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_420/argument None Wed, 26 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56921 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6997/argument None Wed, 26 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56915 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_608/argument None Tue, 25 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56893 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_1048/argument None Tue, 25 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56945 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_348/argument None Tue, 25 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56940 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_309/argument None Tue, 25 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57055 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_782/argument None Mon, 24 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56994 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_333/argument None Mon, 24 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56984 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_5014/argument None Mon, 24 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57013 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_774/argument None Mon, 24 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56928 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_412/argument None Wed, 19 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56925 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_515/argument In 1988, Congress amended the Communications Act of 1934 to ban indecent and obscene interstate commercial phone messages. Sable Communications had been in the dial-a-porn business since 1983. A judge in District Court upheld the ban on obscene messages, but enjoined the Act's enforcement against indecent ones. Wed, 19 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57037 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_681/argument None Wed, 19 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56906 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_556/argument None Tue, 18 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57020 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_396/argument None Tue, 18 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56920 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_616/argument None Mon, 17 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57003 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_429/argument None Mon, 17 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57011 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_23/argument None Mon, 17 Apr 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57032 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1589/argument None Wed, 29 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57068 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_293/argument The Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV) made an oral agreement with James Reid, a sculptor, to produce a statue depicting the plight of the homeless for display at a 1985 Washington D.C. Christmas pageant. Upon completion, delivery, and joining of the work to a base that it prepared separately, CCNV paid Reid the final installment of the agreed-upon price. Shortly thereafter, the parties filed competing copyright claims over the sculpture. Holding, in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976 (the "Act"), that the statue was a "work made for hire," a district court ruled in favor of CCNV. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed and the Supreme Court granted CCNV certiorari. Wed, 29 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57049 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_317/argument When first questioned by police about the stabbing of a woman, suspect Gary Eagan did not make incriminating statements after signing a waiver and being told he would be provided a lawyer "if and when you go to court." The following day, after Eagan was questioned again and signed a different waiver, he confessed to the stabbing and revealed physical evidence of the crime. Eagan later claimed that the language of the first waiver made his confession inadmissible. Wed, 29 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56892 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_389/argument None Tue, 28 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56898 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_449/argument None Tue, 28 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56899 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_305/argument None Tue, 28 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56956 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_2084/argument None Tue, 28 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56949 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_5765/87-6026_argument At 17 years old, Kevin Stanford was convicted by a Kentucky jury of murder, sodomy, robbery, and the receipt of stolen property. Stanford was sentenced to death under a state statute which permitted juvenile offenders to receive the death penalty for Class A felonies or capital crimes. Stanford appealed his sentence and his case was consolidated with that of Wilkins v. Missouri, involving a 16 year old's appeal of his death sentence following a conviction for murder in Missouri. Both Stanford and Wilkins alleged that the imposition of the death penalty on offenders as young as themselves violated their constitutional rights. Mon, 27 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 admin 62196 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_5765/argument At 17 years old, Kevin Stanford was convicted by a Kentucky jury of murder, sodomy, robbery, and the receipt of stolen property. Stanford was sentenced to death under a state statute which permitted juvenile offenders to receive the death penalty for Class A felonies or capital crimes. Stanford appealed his sentence and his case was consolidated with that of Wilkins v. Missouri, involving a 16 year old's appeal of his death sentence following a conviction for murder in Missouri. Both Stanford and Wilkins alleged that the imposition of the death penalty on offenders as young as themselves violated their constitutional rights. Mon, 27 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56897 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_357/argument None Mon, 27 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56888 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_385/argument None Mon, 27 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56917 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_411/argument None Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56911 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_192/argument None Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56894 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_325/argument In 1983, the American Trucking Associations, Inc. (ATA) challenged the flat tax portion of Arkansas' Highway Use Equalization (HUE) tax, alleging that it violated the Commerce Clause. The Arkansas Supreme Court, relying on Supreme Court precedent, rejected this claim. Subsequently, on June 23, 1987, the Supreme Court decided American Trucking Ass'ns., Inc. v. Scheiner, 483 U.S. 266 (1987), which held that state application of flat highway use taxes was unconstitutional. Pending re-hearing in the Arkansas Supreme Court, Justice Blackmun ordered, in August 1987, that all new taxes collected be kept in escrow. Subsequently, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that HUE was unconstitutional, but that Scheiner did not apply retroactively. The court went on to decide that taxes already collected for the tax year beginning July 1, 1987, could remain in the state treasury, but that those funds placed in the escrow account ordered by Justice Blackmun should be refunded, as they had not been spent or budgeted for future spending. Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56982 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_7023/argument None Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57023 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1956/argument None Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57004 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_325/reargument In 1983, the American Trucking Associations, Inc. (ATA) challenged the flat tax portion of Arkansas' Highway Use Equalization (HUE) tax, alleging that it violated the Commerce Clause. The Arkansas Supreme Court, relying on Supreme Court precedent, rejected this claim. Subsequently, on June 23, 1987, the Supreme Court decided American Trucking Ass'ns., Inc. v. Scheiner, 483 U.S. 266 (1987), which held that state application of flat highway use taxes was unconstitutional. Pending re-hearing in the Arkansas Supreme Court, Justice Blackmun ordered, in August 1987, that all new taxes collected be kept in escrow. Subsequently, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that HUE was unconstitutional, but that Scheiner did not apply retroactively. The court went on to decide that taxes already collected for the tax year beginning July 1, 1987, could remain in the state treasury, but that those funds placed in the escrow account ordered by Justice Blackmun should be refunded, as they had not been spent or budgeted for future spending. Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 admin 62301 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_192/reargument None Wed, 22 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 admin 62302 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_454/argument None Tue, 21 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56914 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_155/argument In 1984, in front of the Dallas City Hall, Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag as a means of protest against Reagan administration policies. Johnson was tried and convicted under a Texas law outlawing flag desecration. He was sentenced to one year in jail and assessed a $2,000 fine. After the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the conviction, the case went to the Supreme Court. Tue, 21 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57017 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_329/argument None Tue, 21 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57033 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1729/argument None Tue, 21 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57021 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_10/argument None Mon, 20 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57036 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_2127/argument None Mon, 20 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57030 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1428/argument None Mon, 20 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56969 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_40/argument None Mon, 20 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56902 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1945/argument None Wed, 01 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57008 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_2098/argument None Wed, 01 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56989 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1759/argument None Wed, 01 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56955 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1848/argument None Wed, 01 Mar 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56996 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1490/argument None Tue, 28 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56929 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1855/argument None Tue, 28 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57002 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1973/argument None Tue, 28 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57043 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_1/argument None Tue, 28 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57001 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1862/argument None Mon, 27 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56953 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_226/argument New York City, responding to complaints of high-decibel concerts adjoining residential neighborhoods, mandated the use of city-provided sound systems and technicians for concerts in Central Park. Members of rock group claimed that the inability to use their own sound equipment and technicians in a concert in a public forum interfered with their First Amendment rights of expression. Mon, 27 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56908 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1865/argument None Mon, 27 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56912 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1661/argument None Mon, 27 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56952 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_2013/argument None Wed, 22 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56891 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_2050/argument Two public-sponsored holiday displays in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, were challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union. The first display involved a Christian nativity scene inside the Allegheny County Courthouse. The second display was a large Chanukah menorah, erected each year by the Chabad Jewish organization, outside the City-County building. The ACLU claimed the displays constituted state endorsement of religion. This case was decided together with Chabad v. ACLU and City of Pittsburgh v. ACLU of Greater Pittsburgh. Wed, 22 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56931 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1868/argument None Wed, 22 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56910 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1882/argument None Wed, 22 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57066 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6571/argument None Tue, 21 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56981 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_266/argument None Tue, 21 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56926 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_32/argument None Tue, 21 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56895 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_64/argument The Kansas City Missouri School District hired lawyers to argue a major desegregation case against the state of Missouri in federal district court. When the lawyers won the case after years of litigation, they sought compensation from Missouri under the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976. The district court calculated the amount owed using current market rates for attorney's fees. Missouri objected to paying the lawyers at current rates for work they performed in the past when rates were lower. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ruled against Missouri. Missouri alleged that the federal courts violated its Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity privileges by forcing it to pay higher rates. Tue, 21 Feb 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57035 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1815/argument None Wed, 18 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56918 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1614/argument As a result of a lawsuit in 1974, the Jefferson County Personnel Board in Birmingham, Alabama, entered into consent decrees that included hiring blacks as firefighters and for promoting them. The decrees were approved by a federal district court. Years later, Robert K. Wilks, a white firefighter, challenged the decrees and alleged that whites were being denied promotions in favor of less qualified blacks. Wilks argued that such practices violated Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The personnel board agreed that it was making race-conscious decisions but argued it was doing so pursuant to the original decrees. The Court combined arguments in two companion cases: Personnel Board v. Wilks and Arrington v. Wilks. Wed, 18 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56974 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1387/argument Wards Cove Packing Co. employed primarily nonwhite workers for unskilled seasonal jobs canning fish. A group of nonwhite workers filed suit in federal district court alleging that Wards Cove practiced discriminatory hiring in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As evidence, the group compared the high percentage of nonwhites in unskilled work with the high percentage of whites in skilled work. The District Court rejected this claim because it found that Ward received unskilled workers through a hiring agency that enrolled primarily nonwhites. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed. It held that Ward had the burden of proof to show that its hiring practices were not discriminatory after the claimants presented evidence of racial disparity. Wed, 18 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56924 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1816/argument None Wed, 18 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56939 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1651/argument None Tue, 17 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56985 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_636/argument None Tue, 17 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56919 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1383/argument Irwin Halper, the manager of a company that provided medical services to patients eligible for Medicare benefits, was charged and convicted in criminal court of submitting 65 separate false Medicare claims. He was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $5,000. The United States then brought additional civil charges under the False Claims Act, which authorized it to collect $2000 for each offense in addition to attorney's fees and twice the damages sustained. In this case the actual damages were just $585, but because of the number of offenses the total penalty was more than $130,000. The District Court, however, ruled that the penalty was "entirely unrelated" to the government's actual damages and would therefore be a second punishment for the same offense, violating the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The penalty was therefore limited to double the amount of actual damages and attorney's fees. The government appealed the decision directly to the U.S. Supreme Court. Tue, 17 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56959 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1905/argument None Tue, 17 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56988 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6177/argument Penry, a retarded man with the mental age of barely seven years, was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. During the trial's proceedings, the jury was not instructed that it could consider the mitigating circumstances of Penry's mental retardation in imposing its sentence. Wed, 11 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57063 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_248/argument None Wed, 11 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56975 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_980/argument None Wed, 11 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57010 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1939/argument None Wed, 11 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57038 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1295/argument Drug Enforcement Administration agents stopped Sokolow in Honolulu International Airport after his behavior indicated he may be a drug trafficker: he paid $2,100 in cash for airline tickets, he was not traveling under his own name, his original destination was Miami, he appeared nervous during the trip, and he checked none of his luggage. Agents arrested Sokolow and searched his luggage without a warrant. Later, at the DEA office, agents obtained warrants allowing more extensive searches and they discovered 1,063 grams of cocaine. Tue, 10 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57014 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1622/argument None Tue, 10 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56960 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_201/argument None Tue, 10 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56957 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1224/argument None Tue, 10 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56997 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1703/argument None Mon, 09 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56998 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1020/argument Paul Davis, a resident of Michigan, worked for the federal government and upon retirement received benefits. Michigan law exempts state retirement benefits from state taxes. Smith unsuccessfully petitioned for a refund on the state taxes he paid on his federal retirement benefits. He then filed suit in the Michigan Court of Claims arguing that the state's tax policy violated 4 U.S.C. 111 by taxing benefits paid to federal employees but not to state employees. The court dismissed his suit and so did the Michigan Court of Appeals. Mon, 09 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57022 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1716/argument None Mon, 09 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 56995 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1437/argument None Mon, 09 Jan 1989 13:00:00 +0000 57060 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1379/argument CBS requested the criminal identification records of Charles Medico from the FBI. When the FBI refused the request, a CBS news correspondent and the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP) challenged the denial as a violation of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). RCFP claimed that since Medico was an identified organized crime figure with corrupt ties to a United States Congressman, Medico's criminal record was a matter of "public record" and "interest." On appeal from an unfavorable appellate decision, the Supreme Court granted the U.S. Department of Justice certiorari. Wed, 07 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56971 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1055/argument None Wed, 07 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56999 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1022/argument None Wed, 07 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56904 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1303/argument None Wed, 07 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56986 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1206/argument None Tue, 06 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56889 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6405/argument None Tue, 06 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56958 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1602/argument None Tue, 06 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57034 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1372/argument None Tue, 06 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56973 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1207/argument None Mon, 05 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56907 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1064/argument None Mon, 05 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57028 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1269/argument None Mon, 05 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56936 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1346/argument None Mon, 05 Dec 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57050 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1318/argument None Wed, 30 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56903 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1054/argument None Wed, 30 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57047 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1327/argument None Wed, 30 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56932 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6431/argument None Wed, 30 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57006 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1104/argument None Tue, 29 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57056 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_453/argument None Tue, 29 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56962 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_86_1856/argument None Tue, 29 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56979 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1201/argument None Tue, 29 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57039 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1485/argument None Mon, 28 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56966 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_5840/argument None Mon, 28 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56991 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1165/argument None Mon, 28 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57065 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_963/argument None Mon, 28 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56983 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1252/argument None Tue, 08 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57012 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6325/argument None Tue, 08 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56941 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1344/argument None Tue, 08 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56963 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_86_1088/argument None Tue, 08 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56947 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_548/argument None Mon, 07 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57026 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1168/argument None Mon, 07 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57041 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1160/argument None Mon, 07 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56992 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_86_1940/argument None Mon, 07 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57069 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1555/argument Recognizing the dangers of drug and alcohol abuse by railroad employees, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) implemented regulations requiring mandatory blood and urine tests of employees involved in certain train accidents. Other FRA rules allowed railroads to administer breath and urine tests to employees who violate certain safety rules. Wed, 02 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57045 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_154/argument In 1984, four-year-old Joshua DeShaney became comatose and then profoundly retarded due to traumatic head injuries inflicted by his father who physically beat him over a long period of time. The Winnebago County Department of Social Services took various steps to protect the child after receiving numerous complaints of the abuse; however, the Department did not act to remove Joshua from his father's custody. Joshua DeShaney's mother subsequently sued the Winnebago County Department of Social Services, alleging that the Department had deprived the child of his "liberty interest in bodily integrity, in violation of his rights under the substantive component of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, by failing to intervene to protect him against his father's violence." Wed, 02 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57044 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1031/argument None Wed, 02 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57061 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_86_1879/argument In 1986, the United States Customs Service implemented a drug testing program for certain employees who either carry firearms, are involved in intercepting drugs as they enter the country, or are in high level positions involving classified information. Wed, 02 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56964 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_56/argument None Tue, 01 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57018 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_996/argument None Tue, 01 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56900 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1245/argument The state of Texas offered a tax exemption to religious publications during a 3-year period. Texas Monthly, Inc, a nonreligious publisher, claimed that this promoted religion in violation of the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. Texas Monthly filed suit in a state court seeking to recover the taxes it had paid in 1985. The court ruled that the exemption violated the Establishment Clause by advancing religion and the Free Press Clause by discriminating based on the content of publications. Since the court did not have the authority to rewrite tax statutes, it instead invalidated taxes levied on nonreligious publications and ordered the state to refund Texas Monthly's tax payments. A state appeals court reversed the decision. Tue, 01 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56937 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_121/argument None Tue, 01 Nov 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57024 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1241/argument None Mon, 31 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56950 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1167/argument None Mon, 31 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57067 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1043/argument None Mon, 31 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57064 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_271/argument None Mon, 31 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56916 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_5677/argument None Wed, 12 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57054 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_826/argument None Wed, 12 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56943 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_6116/argument None Wed, 12 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57015 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_86_1904/argument None Tue, 11 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56934 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_746/argument Gerald D. was the presumptive father of Victoria D. since she was born to his wife Carole D.. However, Carole had an adulterous partner, Michael H., who obtained blood tests indicating that he was likely the biological father. When Michael obtained visitation rights in a California state court, Gerald argued that Michael had no ground under California law to challenge Gerald's paternity since more than two years had passed since Victoria's birth. According to Cal. Evid. Code 621, the child is "presumed to be a child of the marriage" and another man can only challenge this presumption within two years of birth. The court ruled in favor of Gerald and canceled Michael's visitation rights. Michael claimed that Code 621 violated his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights by denying him an opportunity to establish his paternity. A California Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of Code 621. Tue, 11 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56930 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1097/argument None Tue, 11 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56968 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_751/argument None Tue, 11 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56913 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_7028/argument Congress created the United States Sentencing Commission under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. This Commission was to attack the wide discrepancies in sentencing by federal court judges by creating sentencing guidelines for all federal offenses. It was to be part of the judicial branch, with members appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. John Mistretta (convicted of three counts of selling cocaine) claimed that the Act violated the delegation-of-powers principle by giving the Commission "excessive legislative powers." This case was decided together with United States v. Mistretta. Wed, 05 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56977 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_998/argument In 1983, the City Council of Richmond, Virginia adopted regulations that required companies awarded city construction contracts to subcontract 30 percent of their business to minority business enterprises. The J.A. Croson Company, which lost its contract because of the 30 percent set-aside, brought suit against the city. Wed, 05 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56951 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1061/argument None Wed, 05 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56980 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1190/argument None Tue, 04 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56961 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_5259/argument None Tue, 04 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57071 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_984/argument None Tue, 04 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57052 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_981/argument None Tue, 04 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56922 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_470/argument None Mon, 03 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 57058 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_821/argument None Mon, 03 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56946 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_1277/argument None Mon, 03 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56923 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_87_764/argument None Mon, 03 Oct 1988 13:00:00 +0000 56909 at http://www.oyez.org