http://www.oyez.org/cases/1986/podcast U.S. Supreme Court Oral Arguments, presented by The Oyez Project (www.oyez.org) en The Oyez Project at Chicago-Kent http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_319/argument None Wed, 29 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55922 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_322/argument None Wed, 29 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55761 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_65_orig/argument None Wed, 29 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55832 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_475/argument None Wed, 29 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55875 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_566/argument None Tue, 28 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55936 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_281/argument None Tue, 28 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55862 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_260/argument In 1984, Congress enacted legislation ordering the Secretary of Transportation to withhold five percent of federal highway funds from states that did not adopt a 21-year-old minimum drinking age. South Dakota, a state that permitted persons 19 years of age to purchase alcohol, challenged the law. Tue, 28 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55775 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_357/argument One of the types of fees that Pennsylvania used to finance the cost of its highway maintenance was lump-sum annual fees, also known as flat taxes. In 1980, Pennsylvania increased the fee for an identification marker required of every truck over a certain weight from $2 to $25, but exempted trucks registered in Pennsylvania from the fee _ the marker fee was "deemed" to be included in the registration fee that local truckers had to pay. In 1982, the marker tax was reduced to $5, but a new tax was introduced, taxing trucks by the axle. The axle tax applied to all trucks weighing more than 26,000 pounds, but the registration fee for Pennsylvania trucks was reduced in an amount calculated to offset that new tax for most trucks. These flat taxes were contested in two state court cases on the ground, inter alia, that they violated the Commerce Clause of the Federal Constitution. Since Pennsylvania- based trucks travel, on average, about five times as many miles in Pennsylvania as out-of-state trucks, the cost of the flat taxes was approximately five times as high per mile of road use for out-of-state vehicles as for local vehicles. For that reason, the lower courts in Pennsylvania found that both the marker tax and the axle tax violated the Commerce Clause. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania considered both cases together and reversed. Tue, 28 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55838 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_228/reargument None Mon, 27 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 admin 62316 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2064/argument None Mon, 27 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55872 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_228/argument None Mon, 27 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55816 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_511/argument None Mon, 27 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55754 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_231/argument None Mon, 27 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55881 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_234/argument None Wed, 22 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55786 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_381/argument None Wed, 22 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55895 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_509/argument None Wed, 22 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55955 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_572/argument None Wed, 22 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55793 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_5344/argument None Tue, 21 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55755 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_393/argument None Tue, 21 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55865 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_497/argument None Tue, 21 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55847 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_526/argument None Tue, 21 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55933 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_88/argument None Mon, 20 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55946 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_246/argument None Mon, 20 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55892 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_5324/argument None Mon, 20 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55917 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_510/argument None Mon, 20 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55860 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_461/argument None Wed, 01 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55760 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1626/argument None Wed, 01 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55846 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_6725/argument William Bourjaily was arrested after receiving a quantity of cocaine in a parking lot from Angelo Lonardo. At Bourjaily's trial, the government introduced statements Lonardo made in a telephone conversation with an informant regarding a "friend" who had questions about the cocaine. The district court, considering the events in the parking lot and Lonardo's statements over the telephone, found that the government had established that a conspiracy existed between Bourjaily and Lonardo, and that Lonardo's statements over the telephone had been made in the course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy. Accordingly, the court held that Lonardo's out- of-court statements satisfied Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E) and were not hearsay. Wed, 01 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55951 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_6/argument None Wed, 01 Apr 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55796 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_251/argument None Tue, 31 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55864 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2121/argument None Tue, 31 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55778 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_177/argument None Tue, 31 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55940 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_179/argument Two affiliate organizations of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints operated Deseret Gymnasium, a non-profit facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. These affiliates were the Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CPB) and the Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (COP). Arthur Frank Mayson worked for the Gymnasium for sixteen years as an engineer, but CPB and COP fired him when he failed to obtain a certificate authorizing him to attend the Church's religious temples. He filed a class-action lawsuit in District Court alleging that CPB and COP violated Section 703 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by dismissing him from nonreligious employment because he did not satisfy certain religious conditions. In response, CPB and COP claimed that Section 702 of the Act, as amended in 1972, exempts religious organizations from the Act's ban in Section 703 on religious discrimination. Mayson then claimed that Section 702 violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause by allowing religious organizations to practice discriminatory hiring for nonreligious jobs. The District Court agreed that Mayson's job was nonreligious. It also held that Section 702 violated the Establishment Clause because it allowed religious adherents exclusive participation in nonreligious activities. Tue, 31 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55809 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2116/argument Ronald Calder was a native of Iowa working in Puerto Rico, He was charged with first degree murder and attempted murder. After posting bail, he fled to his home state. Puerto Rico submitted a petition to Branstad, Iowa's governor at the time, to extradite Calder for court proceedings. Branstad refused. Mon, 30 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55943 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_133/argument The California Coastal Commission required owners of beachfront property wishing to obtain a building permit to maintain a pathway on their property open to the public. Mon, 30 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55877 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_421/argument When the Duarte chapter of Rotary International violated club policy by admitting three women into its active membership its charter was revoked and it was expelled. The California Court of Appeals, however, in reversing a lower court decision, found that Rotary International's action violated a California civil rights act prohibiting sexual discrimination. Mon, 30 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55883 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_5375/argument None Mon, 30 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55927 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_98/argument None Wed, 25 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55894 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_337/argument None Wed, 25 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55820 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_108/argument None Wed, 25 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55905 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1835/argument None Wed, 25 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55800 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_5020/argument John Booth was convicted of the murders of an elderly couple and chose to have the jury determine his sentence instead of the judge. A Maryland statute required that a victim impact statement "describing the effect of the crime on the victim and his family" be included in the pre-sentence report in felony cases. In this case, the victim impact statement described the victims, the impact of the crime on their family, and the family members' opinions of the defendant and the crime. Tue, 24 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55893 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_270/argument Currently unavailable. Tue, 24 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55869 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_341/argument None Tue, 24 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55766 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1722/argument None Tue, 24 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55843 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2068/argument Ardith McPherson was a clerical employee in the Harris County, Texas constable's office. After hearing on the office radio that there had been an attempt to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, McPherson, who thought she was alone with one other office worker, stated "if they go for him again, I hope they get him." Another co-worker overheard the comment and reported it to the Constable, Walter H. Rankin. Rankin subsequently fired McPherson. Mon, 23 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55909 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_243/argument None Mon, 23 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55810 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1772/argument None Mon, 23 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55880 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_130/argument None Mon, 23 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55833 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1630/argument None Wed, 04 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55856 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1672/argument None Wed, 04 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55764 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1716/argument None Wed, 04 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55762 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1206/argument None Wed, 04 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55921 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_104/argument The Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles adopted an ordinance which prohibited all "First Amendment activities" in the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Alan Snyder, a minister with Jews for Jesus, was instructed by an airport officer to refrain from distributing free religious literature on a walkway in the central terminal of LAX. Tue, 03 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55857 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2067/argument None Tue, 03 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55770 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_44/argument None Tue, 03 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55920 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1656/argument None Tue, 03 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55848 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_71/argument None Mon, 02 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55807 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1963/argument None Mon, 02 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55794 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2099/argument None Mon, 02 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55891 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1208/argument None Mon, 02 Mar 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55888 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2156/argument After its Maryland synagogue was painted with anti-Semitic slogans and symbols, the Shaare Tefila Congregation brought a suit charging the white defendants with racially discriminatory interference with property rights under 42 U.S.C. Section 1982. The Maryland District Court dismissed the claims, maintaining that white-on-white violence was not racially discriminatory. Wed, 25 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55873 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1804/argument None Wed, 25 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55925 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1924/argument None Wed, 25 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55918 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2169/argument Al-Khazraji, a professor and U.S. citizen born in Iraq, filed suit against his former employer and its tenure committee for denying him tenure on the basis of his Arabian race in violation of 42 U.S.C. Section 1981. The District Court held that while Al-Kharzraji had properly alleged racial discrimination, the record was insufficient to determine whether he had been subjected to prejudice. Wed, 25 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55886 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_6790/argument None Tue, 24 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55912 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1581/argument None Tue, 24 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55789 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_2039/argument None Tue, 24 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55804 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1973/argument None Tue, 24 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55887 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_39/argument None Mon, 23 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55907 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1520/argument None Mon, 23 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55926 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_80/argument None Mon, 23 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55795 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1940/argument None Mon, 23 Feb 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55805 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1043/argument None Wed, 21 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55772 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1259/argument None Wed, 21 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55844 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_87/argument The 1984 Bail Reform Act allowed the federal courts to detain an arrestee prior to trial if the government could prove that the individual was potentially dangerous to other people in the community. Prosecutors alleged that Salerno and another person in this case were prominent figures in the La Cosa Nostra crime family. Wed, 21 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55861 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_686/argument None Wed, 21 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55839 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_998/argument None Tue, 20 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55817 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_184/argument None Tue, 20 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55756 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1360/argument None Tue, 20 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55947 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1370/argument None Tue, 20 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55928 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1199/argument In 1979, the County of Los Angeles passed an ordinance which prohibited construction or reconstruction on land which had been devastated by a flood one year earlier. The First English Evangelical Lutheran Church owned a campground which was affected by this ordinance and it was not allowed to reconstruct buildings on this land which the flood had destroyed. Wed, 14 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55897 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1358/argument None Wed, 14 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55882 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1433/argument None Wed, 14 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55866 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1695/argument None Wed, 14 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55767 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1385/argument None Tue, 13 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55798 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1329/argument None Tue, 13 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55954 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1409/argument None Tue, 13 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55863 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1384/argument None Tue, 13 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55759 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5348/argument None Mon, 12 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55763 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1798/argument None Mon, 12 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55885 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1613/argument None Mon, 12 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55840 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1239/argument None Mon, 12 Jan 1987 13:00:00 +0000 55811 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1244/argument None Wed, 10 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55850 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1222/argument None Wed, 10 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55930 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_993/argument Paula Hobbie worked for Lawton and Company, a Florida jewelry shop. She joined the Seventh-day Adventist Church and informed her employer that she could not work from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday since it was her new church's Sabbath day. Lawton soon dismissed her for refusing to work Friday evening and Saturday shifts. Hobbie filed for unemployment compensation with the Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security. Lawton objected to paying benefits, claiming that she did qualify since she had been dismissed "for misconduct connected with her work." The Bureau of Unemployment Compensation agreed and denied her benefits. Hobbie claimed that this violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. She unsuccessfully appealed the decision in the Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal. Wed, 10 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55791 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1513/argument A Louisiana law entitled the "Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science in Public School Instruction Act" prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in the public schools unless that instruction was accompanied by the teaching of creation science, a Biblical belief that advanced forms of life appeared abruptly on Earth. Schools were not forced to teach creation science. However, if either topic was to be addressed, evolution or creation, teachers were obligated to discuss the other as well. Wed, 10 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55884 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1708/argument Two federally recognized Indian Tribes had reservation land within Riverside County, California where they conducted bingo and card games open to non- Indians. The gambling industry provided employment to many Indians on the reservation, and most clients were non-Indians. The State of California wanted to apply state gambling laws to reservation gaming and Riverside County wanted to apply local ordinances. Together, these laws would ban the card games and put charitable organizations in charge of bingo games. The Tribes claimed that the imposition of gambling laws by the state government violated their sovereignty. They brought suit against the state of California and Riverside County in federal district court. The district court ruled that neither the state nor the county had the authority to regulate gambling on reservation land. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed. Tue, 09 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55768 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1517/argument None Tue, 09 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55874 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_129/argument None Tue, 09 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55779 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_899/argument None Tue, 09 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55842 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1027/argument A bullet was fired through the floor of Hicks's apartment which injured a man in the apartment below. To investigate the shooting, police officers entered Hicks's apartment and found three weapons along with a stocking mask. During the search, which was done without a warrant, an officer noticed some expensive stereo equipment which he suspected had been stolen. The officer moved some of the components, recorded their serial numbers, and seized them upon learning from police headquarters that his suspicions were correct. Mon, 08 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55901 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1226/argument None Mon, 08 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55826 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1736/argument None Mon, 08 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55910 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1449/argument None Mon, 08 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55939 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1277/argument Gene Arline could no longer teach elementary school because she had tuberculosis, a contagious disease. The superintendent of schools in Nassau County, Florida dismissed her after it became clear that her illness was recurrent. The school system did not grant her financial relief. Arline claimed in a federal district court that this violated Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits state-funded programs from denying relief to applicants solely because they are handicapped. The school conceded it dismissed her solely because of her illness, but contended that a contagious disease like tuberculosis did not qualify her as handicapped. The court ruled that the Act did not define contagious illnesses as handicaps, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reversed. It found that Arline was "otherwise qualified" to teach except for her illness, and ruled that this qualified her for handicapped benefits. Wed, 03 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55948 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1530/argument None Wed, 03 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55802 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1347/argument None Wed, 03 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55814 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1658/argument None Wed, 03 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55787 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1180/argument None Tue, 02 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55830 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1200/argument None Tue, 02 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55870 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1563/argument None Tue, 02 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55941 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_6461/argument None Tue, 02 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55858 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5939/argument None Mon, 01 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55784 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1589/argument None Mon, 01 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55914 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_920/argument None Mon, 01 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55903 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1140/argument None Mon, 01 Dec 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55854 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1129/argument The Transportation Agency, Santa Clara, California promoted Diane Joyce to road dispatcher over Paul Johnson. Both candidates were qualified for the job. As an affirmative action employer, the Agency took into account the sex of the applicants in making the promotion decision. Wed, 12 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55828 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_999/argument In response to a series of NAACP-initiated lawsuits in the 1970s, the Alabama Department of Public Safety was required to implement a promotion scheme in which half of the department's promotions to certain ranks would go to black officers if enough qualified blacks were available. Wed, 12 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55944 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_303/argument None Wed, 12 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55852 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5454/argument None Wed, 12 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55932 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1092/argument By passing the the Bituminous Mine Subsidence and Land Conservation Act (Act), the Pennsylvania Legislature empowered the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER) to regulate underground coal mining that damaged structures on the surface. When implementing the Act, DER prevented coal miners from removing more than 50% of coal from mines located beneath buildings. Historically, coal miners acquired rights to "mining estates" separate from the property owned on the above "surface estates." The Keystone Bituminous Coal Association, a group of miners, complained that the Act created a "support estate" that effectively took away its property without compensation. Keystone relied on the Supreme Court's decision in Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon to allege that this state action violated the Contract Clause and the Takings Clause found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court rejected both allegations and the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the decision. Mon, 10 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55942 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_937/argument None Mon, 10 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55868 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_792/argument None Mon, 10 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55906 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_889/argument None Mon, 10 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55896 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_693/argument None Wed, 05 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55934 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_759/argument None Wed, 05 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55836 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_608/argument None Wed, 05 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55950 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_84_1947/argument None Wed, 05 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55924 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1217/argument None Tue, 04 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55898 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1233/argument None Tue, 04 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55937 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1088/argument None Tue, 04 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55757 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_781/argument None Tue, 04 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55900 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_732/argument None Mon, 03 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55782 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_84_6075/argument None Mon, 03 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55834 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_971/argument None Mon, 03 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55876 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_84_2022/argument None Mon, 03 Nov 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55801 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_84_6811/argument McCleskey, a black man, was convicted of murdering a police officer in Georgia and sentenced to death. In a writ of habeas corpus, McCleskey argued that a statistical study proved that the imposition of the death penalty in Georgia depended to some extent on the race of the victim and the accused. The study found that black defendants who kill white victims are the most likely to receive death sentences in the state. Wed, 15 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55773 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_530/argument In 1981, officials at a hospital, including Executive Director Dr. Dennis O'Connor, suspected improprieties in Dr. Ortega's management of a residency program. The officials conducted an investigation of Ortega, which included multiple searches of his office and seizure of a number of items. The items were later used in proceedings before the California State Personnel Board to impeach the credibility of witnesses that testified on Dr. Ortega's behalf. Wed, 15 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55878 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_6756/argument None Wed, 15 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55824 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5221/85-5731_argument This case concerned the retrospective application of judge-made rules. Specifically, the Court had to decide whether a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to exclude black jurors, combined with his call to the jury clerk, violated the black petitioner's right to an impartial jury. The Court was called upon to decide whether the previous decision in Batson v. Kentucky was applicable to pending litigation but not final when Batson was decided. This case was decided together with Brown v. United States. Tue, 14 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 admin 62195 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_558/argument None Tue, 14 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55819 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_495/argument None Tue, 14 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55919 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5221/argument This case concerned the retrospective application of judge-made rules. Specifically, the Court had to decide whether a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to exclude black jurors, combined with his call to the jury clerk, violated the black petitioner's right to an impartial jury. The Court was called upon to decide whether the previous decision in Batson v. Kentucky was applicable to pending litigation but not final when Batson was decided. This case was decided together with Brown v. United States. Tue, 14 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55916 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_494/argument None Wed, 08 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55797 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_766/argument None Wed, 08 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55823 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1033/argument None Wed, 08 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55889 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_660/argument In 1983, Francis Connelly approached a police officer and, without any prompting, confessed to murder. The police officer immediately informed Connelly that he had the right to remain silent, but Connelly indicated that he still wished to discuss the murder. It was later discovered that Connelly was suffering from chronic schizophrenia at the time of the confession. A Colorado trial court suppressed the statements on the ground that they were made involuntarily. Wed, 08 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55790 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_656/argument None Tue, 07 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55952 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_767/argument None Tue, 07 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55813 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_701/argument None Tue, 07 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55923 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_782/argument None Tue, 07 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55822 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_5915/argument None Mon, 06 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55953 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_637/argument None Mon, 06 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55781 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_473/argument None Mon, 06 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55771 at http://www.oyez.org http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_85_1021/argument None Mon, 06 Oct 1986 13:00:00 +0000 55776 at http://www.oyez.org