http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1863/ U.S. Supreme Court Cases, presented by The Oyez Project (www.oyez.org) en-us <p>In 1863, soldiers arrested, tried and found guilty Democratic Sen. Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio for violating Army orders against public expressions of Confederate sympathies. He had denounced the War and the Administration at home and in Congress. President Abraham Lincoln banished Vallandigham to rebel territory. He returned and appealed the action in the Supreme Court.</p> http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1863/1863_2/ <p>Iowa's constitution limited the amount of state debt and forbade the state to own stock in private corporations. But Iowa was enamoured with railroading. The legislature authorized municipal governments to issue bearer bonds to aid railroad construction throughout the state. The idea was that permitting municipalities to do what the state government could not do would circumvent the state constitutional limitation. Railroad prosperity did not materialize and the taxpayers were taxed to pay off the bonds which had been used to buy railroad stock. Bondholders filed suit in federal court to recover interest on the bonds.</p> http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1863/1863_0/